GRE Vocabulary

GRE Top 500 Vocabulary Words

The 500 most commonly tested GRE vocabulary words. Every entry includes phonetic pronunciation, part of speech, a precise definition, a GRE-level example sentence, and a memory tip with Latin or Greek root.

500 words · Phonetic · Definition · GRE example · Memory tip · Root

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How GRE Verbal tests vocabulary: The GRE Verbal Reasoning section uses Text Completion (1–3 blanks) and Sentence Equivalence (select two words that produce the same meaning) to test precise, nuanced vocabulary. Unlike the SAT, the GRE skews heavily toward Latinate and Greek-rooted words rarely encountered outside academic or literary prose. Knowing subtle distinctions between near-synonyms — and being able to recognize them in complex syntactic contexts — is what separates 160+ scorers from the rest.

1. Intellect & Knowledge

Words 1–100 · Words that describe how we think, know, reason, and communicate ideas.

#	Word	Phonetic	POS	Definition	GRE Example	Memory Tip / Root
1	abstruse	ab-STROOS	adjective	Difficult to understand; obscure and complex.	The philosopher's abstruse arguments required three readings before the committee could evaluate them.	Root: Latin abstrusus — pushed away; what is 'pushed away' from the mind is hard to grasp.
2	acumen	AK-yoo-men	noun	Keenness and quickness in understanding and dealing with a situation; shrewdness.	Her financial acumen allowed her to identify undervalued assets that other analysts had overlooked.	Root: Latin acumen — a point; a sharp mind is pointed.
3	adamant	AD-uh-mant	adjective	Refusing to change one's opinion; unshakeable.	The committee was adamant that the findings warranted immediate regulatory action.	Root: Greek adamantos — unconquerable; diamond is 'adamantine' for the same reason.
4	adroit	uh-DROYT	adjective	Clever or skillful in using the hands or mind.	The adroit negotiator steered the talks toward consensus without allowing either side to lose face.	Root: French adroit — right-handed; the right hand is the skilled one.
5	adulterate	uh-DUL-tuh-rayt	verb	To render something poorer in quality by adding another substance.	The investigation found that several food products had been adulterated with cheaper substitutes.	Root: Latin adulterare — to corrupt; adultery and adulteration share a 'corruption' root.
6	aesthetic	es-THET-ik	adjective/noun	Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty; a set of principles governing artistic taste.	The architect's aesthetic sensibility was shaped by her years studying Japanese minimalism.	Root: Greek aisthetikos — perceptible by the senses.
7	affable	AF-uh-bul	adjective	Friendly, good-natured, and easy to talk to.	Despite his formidable reputation, the dean was personally affable and accessible to students.	Root: Latin affabilis — easy to speak to; af- (to) + fari (speak).
8	affinity	uh-FIN-ih-tee	noun	A natural liking for and understanding of someone or something; a close resemblance.	Her early affinity for mathematics led naturally to a career in theoretical physics.	Root: Latin affinitas — bordering on; what is adjacent has a natural connection.
9	aggrandize	uh-GRAN-dyz	verb	To increase the power, status, or wealth of; to enhance the reputation of, often by exaggeration.	The memoir was criticized as an attempt to self-aggrandize rather than provide an honest account.	Root: French agrandir — to make great; grand is embedded in the word.
10	alacrity	uh-LAK-rih-tee	noun	Brisk and cheerful readiness; eager willingness.	The assistant accepted the unexpected assignment with alacrity, eager to prove her capabilities.	Root: Latin alacritas — liveliness; opposite of sluggishness.
11	alleviate	uh-LEE-vee-ayt	verb	To make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe.	Additional staffing was proposed to alleviate the administrative burden on frontline researchers.	Root: Latin alleviare — to lighten; levis means 'light.'
12	ambivalent	am-BIV-uh-lent	adjective	Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.	The review board was ambivalent about the proposal, seeing both significant promise and serious risks.	Root: Latin ambi (both) + valere (be strong) — equal pull in two directions.
13	ameliorate	uh-MEEL-yuh-rayt	verb	To make something bad or unsatisfactory better; to improve.	The new policies were designed to ameliorate conditions for temporary contract workers.	Root: Latin meliorare — to improve; melior means 'better.'
14	anachronism	uh-NAK-ruh-niz-um	noun	A thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists.	The senator's rhetoric struck younger voters as an anachronism from a pre-digital era.	Root: Greek ana (against) + chronos (time) — literally out of time.
15	animosity	an-ih-MOS-ih-tee	noun	Strong hostility; intense dislike or antagonism.	Years of jurisdictional disputes had generated considerable animosity between the two agencies.	Root: Latin animositas — courage, but later spirit; spirit charged with hatred.
16	anomalous	uh-NOM-uh-lus	adjective	Deviating from what is standard, normal, or expected.	The anomalous spike in readings prompted the team to recheck their instrumentation.	Root: Greek anomalos — uneven; an- (not) + homalos (even).
17	antipathy	an-TIP-uh-thee	noun	A deep-seated feeling of aversion or dislike.	The two departments had developed a mutual antipathy that made collaboration nearly impossible.	Root: Greek antipatheia — opposite feeling; anti + pathos.
18	apocryphal	uh-POK-ruh-ful	adjective	Of doubtful authenticity; widely circulated but unlikely to be true.	The founding story told at every company meeting had become thoroughly apocryphal over the decades.	Root: Greek apokryptein — to hide away; hidden texts of uncertain origin.
19	appease	uh-PEEZ	verb	To pacify or placate someone by acceding to their demands; to relieve or satisfy.	Offering minor concessions merely appeased the opposition without addressing its fundamental objections.	Root: Old French apaisier — bring to peace; pais means 'peace.'
20	arcane	ar-KAYN	adjective	Understood by few; mysterious or secret.	The new employee struggled with the arcane accounting procedures that long-tenured staff had internalized.	Root: Latin arcanus — secret; arca means 'box' or 'chest' — locked away.
21	ardent	AR-dent	adjective	Enthusiastic or passionate; burning.	An ardent proponent of empirical methodology, she insisted on replication before publication.	Root: Latin ardere — to burn; ardor and arson share this root.
22	artless	ART-les	adjective	Without guile or deception; natural and without pretension; lacking skill.	The witness's artless account of events was more persuasive than a rehearsed statement would have been.	Art- (skill/cunning) + -less; devoid of artifice.
23	ascetic	uh-SET-ik	adjective/noun	Characterized by severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence.	The researcher lived an ascetic existence, devoting every waking hour to the study.	Root: Greek asketes — monk, hermit; one who exercises (askein) the soul.
24	assiduous	uh-SIJ-oo-us	adjective	Showing great care, attention, and effort; persistent and diligent.	Her assiduous attention to footnotes distinguished her scholarship from that of less careful peers.	Root: Latin assiduus — sitting close to; one who never leaves the task.
25	astute	uh-STOOT	adjective	Having the ability to accurately assess situations and turn them to advantage; shrewd.	The astute investor recognized the market correction before most analysts had predicted it.	Root: Latin astutus — crafty; related to astus, cunning.
26	audacious	aw-DAY-shus	adjective	Showing a willingness to take surprisingly bold risks; impudent.	The audacious proposal to merge the two rival institutions initially struck most observers as unrealistic.	Root: Latin audax — bold; audere means 'to dare.'
27	auspicious	aw-SPISH-us	adjective	Giving a favorable omen; conducive to success.	The project launched under auspicious conditions, with full funding and cross-departmental support.	Root: Latin auspicium — bird-watching for omens; avis (bird) + specere (look).
28	avarice	AV-uh-ris	noun	Extreme greed for wealth or material gain.	The committee report blamed avarice in the executive suite for the systematic mistreatment of workers.	Root: Latin avaritia — greediness; avere means 'to crave.'
29	avid	AV-id	adjective	Having an eager desire for something; enthusiastic and keen.	An avid reader of primary sources, the historian rarely relied on secondary literature alone.	Root: Latin avidus — eager; avere means 'to crave' — same root as avarice.
30	banal	buh-NAL	adjective	So lacking in originality as to be obvious and boring.	Critics dismissed the book as a banal retelling of familiar tropes dressed in superficially modern clothing.	Root: Old French banal — common to all; the banal was what the whole village shared.
31	belligerent	buh-LIJ-ur-ent	adjective	Hostile and aggressive; engaged in a war or conflict.	The belligerent tone of the correspondence made productive negotiation increasingly unlikely.	Root: Latin bellum (war) + gerere (to wage) — a war-wager.
32	bemoan	bih-MOHN	verb	To express discontent or sorrow over; to lament.	Critics bemoaned the loss of nuance in a study forced to prioritize accessibility over precision.	Root: Old English be- + maenan (to moan); to groan about something.
33	benevolent	buh-NEV-uh-lent	adjective	Well meaning and kindly; charitable.	The foundation's ostensibly benevolent mission concealed significant tax-avoidance incentives.	Root: Latin bene (well) + velle (to wish) — wishing well.
34	berate	bih-RAYT	verb	To scold or rebuke angrily and at length.	The director was known to berate staff publicly, creating a climate of fear throughout the organization.	Root: be- (intensifier) + rate (scold); rate meant to chide in archaic usage.
35	besmirch	bih-SMURCH	verb	To damage someone's reputation; to make dirty.	The allegations, even after being disproven, had already besmirched the researcher's standing.	Root: be- + smirch; to dirty, stain, or soil a name.
36	blithe	BLYTH	adjective	Showing a casual and cheerful indifference considered to be callous or inappropriate.	Her blithe dismissal of the safety concerns alarmed engineers who had raised them repeatedly.	Root: Old English blithe — joyful; now carries a note of heedlessness.
37	boorish	BOOR-ish	adjective	Rough and bad-mannered; unrefined.	His boorish interruptions during the presentation alienated several potential collaborators.	Root: Dutch boer — peasant or farmer; rustic lack of manners.
38	brazen	BRAY-zen	adjective	Bold and without shame; made of brass.	The company's brazen disregard for the court order drew an immediate contempt citation.	Root: Old English braesen — of brass; brass is hard and unblushingly shiny.
39	brevity	BREV-ih-tee	noun	Concise and exact use of words; shortness of time.	The dean praised the report's brevity, noting that its predecessor had been twice as long and half as useful.	Root: Latin brevitas — shortness; brevis means 'short.'
40	bucolic	byoo-KOL-ik	adjective	Relating to the pleasant aspects of the countryside and rural life.	The essay contrasts the bucolic idealism of pastoral poetry with the harsh realities of agrarian labor.	Root: Greek boukolikos — pastoral; boukolos means 'cowherd.'
41	burgeon	BUR-jun	verb	To begin to grow or increase rapidly; to flourish.	The field of machine learning has burgeoned since the availability of large-scale training data.	Root: Old French bourgeonner — to bud; a burgeon is a bud or sprout.
42	cacophony	kuh-KOF-uh-nee	noun	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.	The simultaneous testimony of three witnesses created a cacophony that the chair struggled to manage.	Root: Greek kakos (bad) + phone (sound) — bad sound.
43	candid	KAN-did	adjective	Truthful and straightforward; frank; not posed or edited.	A candid assessment of the preliminary data would have revealed significant methodological flaws.	Root: Latin candidus — white, pure, honest; candor shares the root.
44	capricious	kuh-PRISH-us	adjective	Given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior; fickle.	The capricious enforcement of the policy undermined trust in the regulatory body.	Root: Italian capriccio — a sudden start; caprices are like goat leaps (capra = goat).
45	castigate	KAS-tih-gayt	verb	To reprimand someone severely.	The editorial castigated the administration for its failure to act on repeated warnings.	Root: Latin castigare — to chastise; castus means 'pure,' as in purifying by punishment.
46	caustic	KAW-stik	adjective	Sarcastic in a scathing and bitter way; able to burn or corrode.	His caustic wit made him feared as a critic but difficult as a colleague.	Root: Greek kaustikos — capable of burning; kaiein means 'to burn.'
47	celerity	suh-LER-ih-tee	noun	Swiftness of movement; speed.	The committee acted with unusual celerity, issuing its ruling within three days of the hearing.	Root: Latin celeritas — speed; accelerate shares this root.
48	charlatan	SHAR-luh-tan	noun	A person falsely claiming to have special knowledge or skill; a fraud.	The charlatan's credentials, the investigation revealed, had been fabricated wholesale.	Root: Italian ciarlatano — a babbler who hawks fake medicine at markets.
49	chide	CHYD	verb	To scold or rebuke mildly.	The supervisor chided the team for neglecting documentation without resorting to formal disciplinary action.	Root: Old English cidan — to quarrel; gentler than berate.
50	circumspect	SUR-kum-spekt	adjective	Wary and unwilling to take risks; careful to consider all circumstances.	A circumspect reading of the contract revealed several clauses that created unacceptable liability.	Root: Latin circumspectus — looking around; circum (around) + specere (look).
51	cogent	KOH-jent	adjective	Clear, logical, and convincing.	The defendant's attorney constructed a cogent argument that the prosecution had mischaracterized the evidence.	Root: Latin cogere — to drive together; a cogent argument drives all points to one conclusion.
52	complacent	kum-PLAY-sent	adjective	Showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements.	Success in the domestic market made the firm complacent about the competitive threat from abroad.	Root: Latin complacere — to please greatly; com- + placere (to please).
53	conciliate	kun-SIL-ee-ayt	verb	To stop someone from being angry or discontented; to mediate.	The chair attempted to conciliate the two opposing factions by proposing a compromise framework.	Root: Latin conciliare — to bring together; a council is a conciliation body.
54	condescend	kon-dih-SEND	verb	To act as though one considers oneself superior; to patronize.	The visiting lecturer condescended to the graduate students in ways that alienated the entire seminar.	Root: Latin condescendere — to come down; descend to the level of one deemed inferior.
55	confound	kun-FOWND	verb	To cause surprise or confusion; to mix up or mistake one thing for another.	Uncontrolled variables confounded the results, making causal inference impossible.	Root: Latin confundere — to pour together; mixing up is confounding.
56	convoluted	KON-vuh-loo-tid	adjective	Extremely complex and difficult to follow; intricately twisted.	The convoluted approval process deterred many eligible applicants from even attempting to apply.	Root: Latin convolutus — rolled together; con- + volvere (to roll).
57	copious	KOH-pee-us	adjective	Abundant in supply or quantity.	The researcher took copious notes throughout the fieldwork that proved invaluable during write-up.	Root: Latin copiosus — plentiful; copia means 'abundance.'
58	corroborate	kuh-ROB-uh-rayt	verb	To confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.	Three independent witnesses corroborated the account, removing any reasonable doubt.	Root: Latin corroborare — to strengthen; robur means 'oak' or 'strength.'
59	craven	KRAY-ven	adjective	Contemptibly lacking in courage; cowardly.	The editorial described the administration's refusal to act as a craven capitulation to special interests.	Root: Old French cravanter — to crush; the craven is crushed by fear.
60	credulous	KREJ-uh-lus	adjective	Having or showing too great a readiness to believe things; gullible.	The credulous investor had accepted the prospectus claims without seeking independent verification.	Root: Latin credulus — trusting; credere means 'to believe.'
61	culpable	KUL-puh-bul	adjective	Deserving blame; morally responsible for a fault or wrong.	The report found management culpable for creating the conditions that enabled the fraud.	Root: Latin culpa — fault; mea culpa uses the same root.
62	cynical	SIN-ih-kul	adjective	Believing that people are motivated purely by self-interest; distrustful.	A cynical reading of the charitable initiative sees it as primarily motivated by reputational management.	Root: Greek kynikos — dog-like; the Cynics were accused of living like animals, sneering at convention.
63	dauntless	DAWNT-les	adjective	Showing fearlessness and determination.	The dauntless investigator continued pursuing leads despite institutional pressure to close the case.	Root: Old French danter — to tame; dauntless is untameable, unintimidated.
64	debilitate	dih-BIL-ih-tayt	verb	To make someone very weak and infirm; to impair.	The chronic underfunding of the program had debilitated it to the point of near-inoperability.	Root: Latin debilitare — to weaken; debilis means 'weak.'
65	decorous	DEK-ur-us	adjective	In keeping with good taste and propriety; characterized by dignity.	The proceedings remained decorous even as the arguments became increasingly heated.	Root: Latin decorus — seemly; decor and decorum share this root.
66	deferential	def-uh-REN-shul	adjective	Showing deference; respectfully submissive.	Younger colleagues were deferential to the senior scholar even when they disagreed with her conclusions.	Root: Latin deferre — to bring down; to defer is to bring oneself down before another.
67	demagogue	DEM-uh-gog	noun	A political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices.	The historian analyzed how economic insecurity created fertile conditions for demagogues to exploit.	Root: Greek demagogos — leader of the people; demos (people) + agein (lead).
68	deprecate	DEP-ruh-kayt	verb	To express disapproval of; to disparage.	The professor deprecated the tendency to rely on summary articles rather than primary sources.	Root: Latin deprecari — to pray against; de- + precari (to pray) — to pray something away.
69	deride	dih-RYD	verb	To express contempt for; to ridicule.	The hypothesis, initially derided as implausible, was confirmed by the following year's experimental data.	Root: Latin deridere — to laugh at; de- (down) + ridere (laugh).
70	despondent	dih-SPON-dent	adjective	In low spirits from loss of hope or courage; dejected.	Repeated rejection had left the researcher despondent about the prospects for the unconventional project.	Root: Latin despondere — to give up; de- + spondere (to pledge) — to renounce hope.
71	didactic	dy-DAK-tik	adjective	Intended to teach; excessively preachy or moralistic.	Critics found the novel's didactic insistence on its own thesis aesthetically deadening.	Root: Greek didaktikos — apt at teaching; didasko means 'I teach.'
72	diligent	DIL-ih-jent	adjective	Having or showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties.	A diligent audit of the records revealed discrepancies that had gone unnoticed for years.	Root: Latin diligens — careful; diligere means 'to prize' or 'to choose carefully.'
73	discern	dih-SURN	verb	To perceive or recognize clearly; to distinguish.	A careful reader can discern the author's ideological commitments beneath the neutral prose style.	Root: Latin discernere — to separate; to discern is to sift apart and see clearly.
74	disdain	dis-DAYN	noun/verb	The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration; to regard with contempt.	Her disdain for shortcuts was evident in the meticulous craftsmanship of every published paper.	Root: Old French desdeignier — to think unworthy; de- + dignare (deem worthy).
75	disparate	DIS-puh-rit	adjective	Essentially different in kind; not comparable.	Reconciling the disparate findings from seven studies required a sophisticated meta-analytic framework.	Root: Latin disparatus — separated; dis- + parare (prepare separately).
76	dissemble	dih-SEM-bul	verb	To conceal one's true feelings or beliefs; to be hypocritical.	The diplomat dissembled throughout the negotiation, concealing how much ground his side was prepared to concede.	Root: Latin dissimulare — to disguise; to de-resemble oneself from one's true nature.
77	dissonance	DIS-uh-nans	noun	Lack of harmony; inconsistency between beliefs and behavior.	The dissonance between the organization's stated values and its recorded actions drew significant criticism.	Root: Latin dissonantia — inharmony; dis- + sonare (to sound).
78	dogmatic	dog-MAT-ik	adjective	Inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true; rigidly opinionated.	The scientist's dogmatic commitment to a single theoretical model blinded him to competing evidence.	Root: Greek dogma — opinion, belief; what is decreed without question.
79	dubious	DOO-bee-us	adjective	Hesitating or doubting; not to be relied upon; suspicious.	The methodology rested on several dubious assumptions that the reviewers found unconvincing.	Root: Latin dubiosus — wavering; dubium means 'doubt.'
80	duplicitous	doo-PLIS-ih-tus	adjective	Deceitful; given to or involving duplicity.	The duplicitous vendor had simultaneously quoted incompatible prices to competing buyers.	Root: Latin duplicitas — doubleness; duplex means 'double' — speaking with a forked tongue.
81	ebullient	ih-BUL-yent	adjective	Cheerful and full of energy; overflowing with enthusiasm.	The ebullient response of the audience to the preliminary findings surprised even the researchers.	Root: Latin ebullire — to bubble up; ebullience is effervescent joy.
82	effusive	ih-FYOO-siv	adjective	Expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained manner.	The effusive praise in the blurbs contrasted sharply with the mixed reception from academic reviewers.	Root: Latin effusus — poured out; ex- + fundere (to pour).
83	egregious	ih-GREE-jus	adjective	Outstandingly bad; shocking.	The commission identified three egregious violations of data handling protocols.	Root: Latin egregius — distinguished (from the flock); ex- + grex (flock); originally positive, now strongly negative.
84	elicit	ih-LIS-it	verb	To evoke or draw out a response or reaction.	The survey was designed to elicit honest responses about workplace culture rather than socially desirable answers.	Root: Latin elicere — to draw out; ex- + lacere (to entice).
85	eloquent	EL-uh-kwent	adjective	Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.	The closing argument was widely praised as the most eloquent advocacy the court had heard that term.	Root: Latin eloqui — to speak out; ex- + loqui (to speak).
86	embroil	em-BROYL	verb	To involve someone deeply in an argument, conflict, or difficult situation.	Publishing the findings before peer review embroiled the research team in a prolonged credibility dispute.	Root: French embrouiller — to entangle; broil means turmoil.
87	empirical	em-PIR-ih-kul	adjective	Based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.	The argument rests on empirical claims that the available data do not adequately support.	Root: Greek empeiria — experience; em- (in) + peira (trial, experiment).
88	endemic	en-DEM-ik	adjective	Regularly found in a particular area or population; native to a specific region.	Corruption was not an aberration but endemic to the procurement system as designed.	Root: Greek endemos — native; en (in) + demos (people) — belonging to the local people.
89	enervate	EN-ur-vayt	verb	To cause someone to feel drained of energy or vitality.	The relentless demands of the job slowly enervated the most dedicated members of the team.	Root: Latin enervare — to remove the sinews; e- + nervus (sinew, strength).
90	enigmatic	en-ig-MAT-ik	adjective	Difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious.	The enigmatic final chapter has generated more scholarly commentary than the rest of the novel combined.	Root: Greek ainigma — riddle; ainos means 'fable.'
91	ephemeral	ih-FEM-ur-ul	adjective	Lasting for a very short time.	The study tracked how ephemeral social media content shapes long-term public opinion.	Root: Greek ephemeros — lasting a day; epi (on) + hemera (day).
92	equivocal	ih-KWIV-uh-kul	adjective	Open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous; uncertain.	The results were equivocal and required confirmation before any policy implications could be drawn.	Root: Latin aequivocus — equal voice; equi (equal) + vox (voice) — could mean either thing.
93	erudite	ER-yoo-dyt	adjective	Having or showing great knowledge or learning.	The erudite preface demonstrated the editor's command of seven centuries of textual history.	Root: Latin erudire — to educate; e- + rudis (rough, unformed) — to un-rough someone.
94	esoteric	es-uh-TER-ik	adjective	Intended for or understood by only a small number of people with specialized knowledge.	The symposium brought together esoteric subfields that rarely had occasion to communicate.	Root: Greek esoterikos — inner; esotero means 'further inside.'
95	eulogy	YOO-luh-jee	noun	A speech or piece of writing that praises someone highly, especially after death.	The memoir doubles as a eulogy for a generation of scholars whose methods have since been superseded.	Root: Greek eulogia — good words; eu (well) + logos (word).
96	euphemism	YOO-fuh-miz-um	noun	A mild or indirect word substituted for one considered too harsh or blunt.	The report's use of 'restructuring' as a euphemism for mass layoffs drew considerable criticism.	Root: Greek euphemismos — use of good words; eu (good) + pheme (speech).
97	exacerbate	ig-ZAS-ur-bayt	verb	To make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse.	The policy change exacerbated already severe inequalities in access to healthcare.	Root: Latin exacerbare — to make harsh; ex- + acerbus (harsh, bitter).
98	excoriate	ek-SKOR-ee-ayt	verb	To criticize severely and scathingly; to strip or wear away the skin.	The ombudsman's report excoriated the department for its systematic failure to enforce its own rules.	Root: Latin excoriare — to flay; ex- + corium (skin, hide).
99	exemplary	ig-ZEM-pluh-ree	adjective	Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind.	The commission cited the program as exemplary and recommended its replication in other districts.	Root: Latin exemplum — example; worthy of being made an example of.
100	exigent	EK-sih-jent	adjective	Pressing; demanding immediate action or attention.	The exigent circumstances of the crisis required waiving standard procedural requirements.	Root: Latin exigere — to demand; ex- + agere (drive, do).

2. Character & Morality

Words 101–200 · Words describing ethical qualities, virtues, vices, and moral judgments.

#	Word	Phonetic	POS	Definition	GRE Example	Memory Tip / Root
101	explicit	ek-SPLIS-it	adjective	Stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for ambiguity.	The contract contained explicit provisions barring the use of proprietary data for third-party research.	Root: Latin explicitus — unfolded; ex- + plicare (to fold) — opened out fully.
102	extol	ek-STOHL	verb	To praise enthusiastically.	Colleagues extolled the researcher's patience and precision in equal measure.	Root: Latin extollere — to raise up; ex- + tollere (to lift).
103	exuberant	ig-ZOO-bur-ant	adjective	Filled with or characterized by a lively energy and excitement.	The exuberant growth of the startup sector masked underlying structural vulnerabilities.	Root: Latin exuberare — to be abundant; ex- + uber (fruitful, fertile).
104	facetious	fuh-SEE-shus	adjective	Treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor.	His facetious response to the statistical query suggested he had not understood its significance.	Root: Latin facetus — witty; compare facetiae (witticisms).
105	fallacious	fuh-LAY-shus	adjective	Based on a mistaken belief; logically unsound.	The argument was fallacious, relying on a false dichotomy that excluded the most plausible explanation.	Root: Latin fallax — deceptive; fallere means 'to deceive.'
106	fastidious	fa-STID-ee-us	adjective	Very attentive to accuracy and detail; having high and often demanding standards.	A fastidious editor, she returned manuscripts bristling with corrections that the authors found exhausting but invaluable.	Root: Latin fastidiosus — squeamish; fastidium means 'loathing of what is inferior.'
107	fatuous	FACH-oo-us	adjective	Pointlessly foolish; devoid of intelligence.	The reviewer dismissed the thesis as fatuous, lacking any empirical foundation.	Root: Latin fatuus — foolish; infatuated originally meant made foolish by love.
108	fervent	FUR-vent	adjective	Having or displaying a passionate intensity.	A fervent advocate for open access publishing, she donated her archive to a public repository.	Root: Latin fervere — to boil; fervor is boiling passion.
109	flagrant	FLAY-grant	adjective	Conspicuously or obviously offensive; blatant.	The tribunal found the conduct to be a flagrant breach of professional ethics.	Root: Latin flagrare — to burn; flagrant wrongdoing burns visibly.
110	flippant	FLIP-ant	adjective	Not showing a serious or respectful attitude; treating serious things lightly.	The spokesperson's flippant reply to the safety question drew sharp criticism from regulators.	Root: flip — possibly from Norse flippa; carelessly tossing off responses.
111	florid	FLOR-id	adjective	Elaborately decorated or overly ornamented; red and flushed in complexion.	The florid prose of the first draft was substantially trimmed before submission.	Root: Latin floridus — flowery; flos means 'flower' — over-blooming style.
112	furtive	FUR-tiv	adjective	Attempting to avoid notice or attention; secretive.	The auditors detected the furtive transfer of funds through a pattern of irregular small transactions.	Root: Latin furtivus — stolen; fur means 'thief' — acting like a thief in the dark.
113	garrulous	GAR-uh-lus	adjective	Excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters.	The garrulous presenter consumed twice the allotted time, leaving no room for discussion.	Root: Latin garrulus — chattering; garrire means 'to chatter.'
114	grandiose	GRAN-dee-ohs	adjective	Impressively large and elaborate; affectedly grand or ambitious.	The grandiose scope of the proposal did not match the limited resources available for its execution.	Root: Italian grandioso — grand; grandeur is contained in the word itself.
115	gratuitous	gruh-TOO-ih-tus	adjective	Uncalled for; lacking good reason; given without charge.	The gratuitous inclusion of sensitive personal data in the appendix raised serious ethical concerns.	Root: Latin gratuitus — free; gratia means 'free gift' — unrequested and therefore unnecessary.
116	gregarious	grih-GAIR-ee-us	adjective	Fond of company; sociable; (of animals) living in flocks.	Her gregarious personality made her an effective conference organizer and networker.	Root: Latin gregarius — of the flock; grex means 'flock' or 'herd.'
117	guile	GYL	noun	Sly or cunning intelligence; craftiness and deceit.	The negotiator deployed guile where direct confrontation would have backfired.	Root: Old French guile — trickery; related to wile.
118	hackneyed	HAK-need	adjective	Made commonplace or trite by too frequent use; overused.	The hackneyed metaphors in the opening chapter signaled a lack of originality that pervaded the book.	Root: Hackney, London — horses hired out constantly; overworked horses became dull and commonplace.
119	haughty	HAW-tee	adjective	Arrogantly superior and disdainful.	The haughty dismissal of the junior researcher's objection was noted and remembered by the entire committee.	Root: Old French haut — high; haughty people hold themselves high above others.
120	heretical	huh-RET-ih-kul	adjective	Holding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted; unorthodox.	The heretical suggestion that correlation could drive mechanism was treated with outright derision.	Root: Greek hairesis — choice; a heretic chooses a different doctrine.
121	hypocritical	hip-uh-KRIT-ih-kul	adjective	Behaving in a way that contradicts one's stated beliefs or feelings.	The organization's hypocritical stance on environmental policy was exposed by leaked internal documents.	Root: Greek hypokrites — an actor; hypo (under) + krinein (to decide) — one playing a part.
122	iconoclast	y-KON-uh-klast	noun	A person who attacks cherished beliefs or institutions.	The iconoclast's systematic dismantling of the field's foundational assumptions earned him both admirers and enemies.	Root: Greek eikon (image) + klan (break) — one who smashes idols.
123	idiosyncrasy	id-ee-uh-SINK-ruh-see	noun	A mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual; a quirk.	The author's idiosyncrasy of beginning every chapter with a question became a recognizable stylistic signature.	Root: Greek idios (own) + synkrasis (mixture) — one's own personal blend.
124	ignoble	ig-NOH-bul	adjective	Not honorable in character or purpose; base.	The investigation revealed that the fund's ignoble purpose was to finance the suppression of dissent.	Root: Latin ignobilis — unknown, undistinguished; in- + nobilis (noble).
125	imminent	IM-ih-nent	adjective	About to happen; impending.	With the funding deadline imminent, the team accelerated the final phase of data collection.	Root: Latin imminere — to overhang; the danger hangs immediately overhead.
126	impartial	im-PAR-shul	adjective	Treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just.	The board sought an impartial arbitrator with no prior relationship to either party.	Root: Latin impartialis — not partial; in- + pars (part) — not taking a part or side.
127	impetuous	im-PECH-oo-us	adjective	Acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive.	The impetuous announcement, made without prior review, required a humiliating public retraction.	Root: Latin impetuosus — violent; impetus means 'attack' or 'impulse.'
128	implicit	im-PLIS-it	adjective	Implied though not plainly expressed; inherently contained.	The implicit assumption underlying the model was that preferences remained stable over time.	Root: Latin implicitus — enfolded; im- + plicare (to fold) — folded within, not unfolded.
129	impugn	im-PYOON	verb	To dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of.	The cross-examination was designed to impugn the expert witness's methodology.	Root: Latin impugnare — to fight against; im- + pugnare (to fight).
130	incendiary	in-SEN-dee-er-ee	adjective/noun	Tending to stir up conflict or arouse strong feeling; relating to arson.	The incendiary rhetoric in the press release escalated rather than resolved the dispute.	Root: Latin incendium — fire; incendere means 'to set on fire.'
131	incisive	in-SY-siv	adjective	Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; able to cut to the core.	The incisive critique identified precisely those assumptions the authors had hoped would go unexamined.	Root: Latin incidere — to cut into; in- + caedere (to cut).
132	incoherent	in-koh-HEER-ent	adjective	Expressed in an incomprehensible or confusing way; lacking logical connection.	The second chapter was incoherent, jumping between arguments without establishing their relationship.	Root: Latin incohaerens — not sticking together; in- + cohaerere (to cohere).
133	inveterate	in-VET-ur-it	adjective	Having a particular habit deeply established and unlikely to change.	An inveterate skeptic, the professor required extraordinary evidence for any extraordinary claim.	Root: Latin inveteratus — made old; in- + vetus (old) — old and hardened.
134	invective	in-VEK-tiv	noun	Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.	The debate descended into invective when neither side would acknowledge the other's evidence.	Root: Latin invectivus — abusive; invehere means 'to attack verbally.'
135	irascible	ih-RAS-ih-bul	adjective	Having or showing a tendency to be easily angered.	The irascible editor was known to return manuscripts with more red ink than original text.	Root: Latin irasci — to grow angry; ira means 'anger' — same root as irate.
136	itinerant	y-TIN-ur-ent	adjective	Traveling from place to place, especially for work.	The itinerant nature of fieldwork made it difficult for researchers to maintain stable family lives.	Root: Latin iter — journey; itinerare means 'to travel.'
137	judicious	joo-DISH-us	adjective	Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.	A judicious selection of case studies can illustrate a theoretical argument more effectively than exhaustive data.	Root: Latin judex — judge; judicium means 'judgment.'
138	laconic	luh-KON-ik	adjective	Using very few words; brief and concise.	The reviewer's laconic verdict — 'reject without revision' — offered the authors nothing to work with.	Root: Greek Lakon — a Spartan; Spartans were famous for their spare, direct speech.
139	latent	LAY-tent	adjective	Existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden.	The latent instability in the financial system was only apparent in retrospect.	Root: Latin latere — to hide; what is latent is in hiding.
140	laudable	LAW-duh-bul	adjective	Deserving praise and commendation.	The laudable goal of the initiative did not excuse the serious methodological flaws in its design.	Root: Latin laudare — to praise; laud + -able.
141	lethargic	luh-THAR-jik	adjective	Affected by lethargy; sluggish and apathetic.	A lethargic organizational culture had allowed outdated procedures to persist for a decade.	Root: Greek lethargia — forgetfulness; the River Lethe in Hades caused forgetful torpor.
142	levity	LEV-ih-tee	noun	Humor or frivolity, especially the treatment of a serious matter with humor.	The judge cautioned counsel that levity had no place in a capital proceeding.	Root: Latin levitas — lightness; levis means 'light' — opposite of gravity.
143	loquacious	loh-KWAY-shus	adjective	Tending to talk a great deal; talkative.	The loquacious committee member consumed the entire question period with tangential observations.	Root: Latin loquax — talkative; loqui means 'to speak.'
144	lucid	LOO-sid	adjective	Expressed clearly; easy to understand; showing clarity of thought.	The lucid explanation transformed a highly technical concept into something accessible to a general audience.	Root: Latin lucidus — bright; lux means 'light' — a lucid explanation sheds light.
145	malign	muh-LYN	verb/adjective	To speak about in a spitefully critical manner; having a harmful influence.	The widely maligned policy was quietly abandoned after a change of administration.	Root: Latin malignus — evil-born; male (bad) + genus (birth).
146	malleable	MAL-ee-uh-bul	adjective	Easily influenced; capable of being hammered into shape without breaking.	The malleable public perception of the brand allowed it to be repositioned for a new market.	Root: Latin malleus — a hammer; what can be hammered into new shape.
147	mendacious	men-DAY-shus	adjective	Not telling the truth; lying.	The mendacious account given to the inquiry contradicted three contemporaneous written records.	Root: Latin mendax — lying; mendacium means 'a lie.'
148	mercurial	mur-KYOOR-ee-ul	adjective	Subject to sudden or unpredictable changes of mood or mind.	The mercurial temperament of the director made long-range planning nearly impossible.	Root: Mercury — the quick-footed Roman god and planet associated with speed and volatility.
149	meticulous	muh-TIK-yuh-lus	adjective	Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.	The meticulous documentation of each experimental step allowed for full replication.	Root: Latin meticulosus — fearful; metus means 'fear' — originally, timid carefulness.

3. Emotion & Temperament

Words 201–300 · Words for moods, emotional states, and characteristic dispositions.

#	Word	Phonetic	POS	Definition	GRE Example	Memory Tip / Root
201	misanthropic	mis-an-THROP-ik	adjective	Disliking humankind and avoiding human society.	The misanthropic narrator's observations, while entertaining, are clearly not meant to be taken at face value.	Root: Greek misos (hatred) + anthropos (human being).
202	mitigate	MIT-ih-gayt	verb	To make less severe, serious, or painful.	Additional training was introduced to mitigate the risk of procedural errors.	Root: Latin mitigare — to soften; mitis means 'mild.'
203	mollify	MOL-ih-fy	verb	To appease the anger or anxiety of someone.	The director's statement was designed to mollify critics without conceding any ground.	Root: Latin mollificare — to soften; mollis means 'soft.'
204	mundane	mun-DAYN	adjective	Lacking interest or excitement; dull; relating to the ordinary world.	The discovery emerged not from a dramatic experiment but from attention to mundane data anomalies.	Root: Latin mundanus — of the world; mundus means 'world.'
205	myopic	my-OP-ik	adjective	Lacking imagination, foresight, or intellectual insight; near-sighted.	The myopic focus on quarterly results obscured the long-term deterioration of the firm's core competencies.	Root: Greek myops — short-sighted; myo (shut) + ops (eye).
206	nascent	NAY-sent	adjective	Just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential.	The nascent field lacked the methodological consensus that more mature disciplines take for granted.	Root: Latin nasci — to be born; nascent means newborn.
207	nefarious	nih-FAIR-ee-us	adjective	Wicked, criminal, or extremely morally wrong.	The nefarious scheme was uncovered only when a whistleblower came forward with internal documents.	Root: Latin nefarius — wicked; nefas means 'crime against divine law.'
208	neophyte	NEE-uh-fyt	noun	A person new to a subject, skill, or belief; a beginner.	Even a neophyte could detect the logical gap at the center of the argument.	Root: Greek neophytos — newly planted; neos (new) + phyton (plant).
209	nonchalant	non-shuh-LAHNT	adjective	Feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed; not displaying anxiety.	His nonchalant response to the funding cut disguised the serious strategic implications he had privately identified.	Root: French nonchalant — not warming to; non + chaloir (to be concerned).
210	obdurate	OB-dur-it	adjective	Stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action.	The obdurate position of the larger party made compromise effectively impossible.	Root: Latin obduratus — hardened; ob- + durare (to harden).
211	objurgate	OB-jur-gayt	verb	To rebuke severely; to upbraid.	The ombudsman objurgated the agency in terms that left no doubt about the severity of the violation.	Root: Latin objurgare — to chide; ob- + jurgare (to quarrel, scold).
212	oblique	uh-BLEEK	adjective	Neither parallel nor at right angles; not direct in approach; indirect.	The oblique reference in the final paragraph was understood only by those familiar with the dispute.	Root: Latin obliquus — slanting; not straight on.
213	obstinate	OB-stih-nit	adjective	Stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action.	The obstinate refusal to reconsider was framed as principled but appeared to most observers as mere intransigence.	Root: Latin obstinatus — resolved; ob- + stanare (stand against).
214	obtuse	ob-TOOS	adjective	Annoyingly insensitive or slow to understand; (of an angle) more than 90°.	The obtuse response to the reviewer's central criticism suggested it had not been read carefully.	Root: Latin obtusus — blunted; ob- + tundere (to beat) — a blunted point cannot be sharp.
215	officious	uh-FISH-us	adjective	Asserting authority or interfering in an excessive, bureaucratic, or domineering way.	The officious assistant forwarded every email to three supervisors, creating unnecessary delays.	Root: Latin officiosus — dutiful; officium means 'duty' — but excessively so.
216	ominous	OM-ih-nus	adjective	Giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is about to happen.	The ominous silence from the oversight committee was interpreted as a prelude to adverse action.	Root: Latin ominosus — full of omens; omen is embedded in the word.
217	ostentatious	os-ten-TAY-shus	adjective	Characterized by a vulgar display of wealth and knowledge; showy.	The ostentatious use of technical jargon in the introduction obscured a fairly simple argument.	Root: Latin ostentare — to display; ostendere means 'to show.'
218	overwrought	oh-vur-RAWT	adjective	In a state of nervous excitement or anxiety; excessively elaborate.	The overwrought language of the press release did not match the modest scope of the findings.	Root: over + wrought (worked); excessively worked up or elaborated.
219	paradoxical	par-uh-DOK-sih-kul	adjective	Seemingly absurd or contradictory yet expressing a possible truth.	It is paradoxical that increased transparency sometimes reduces public trust in institutions.	Root: Greek paradoxos — contrary to expectation; para (beyond) + doxa (opinion).
220	parochial	puh-ROH-kee-ul	adjective	Having a limited or narrow outlook or scope; provincial.	The parochial perspective of the committee prevented it from recognizing the global implications of the decision.	Root: Latin parochia — parish; the parish is one's small local world.
221	partisan	PAR-tih-zan	adjective/noun	Prejudiced in favor of a particular cause; an adherent of a party.	The report was criticized as too partisan to provide the neutral analysis the situation required.	Root: French partisan — follower of a party; part (part) + -isan.
222	pedantic	pih-DAN-tik	adjective	Excessively concerned with minor details or rules; overly academic.	The pedantic attention to footnote formatting did not compensate for the thinness of the central argument.	Root: Italian pedante — schoolmaster; one who over-teaches minor things.
223	pernicious	pur-NISH-us	adjective	Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.	The pernicious influence of unchecked confirmation bias is subtler but more damaging than outright fraud.	Root: Latin perniciosus — destructive; per- (through) + nex (death).
224	perspicacious	pur-spih-KAY-shus	adjective	Having a ready insight into things; shrewdly perceptive.	The perspicacious analyst identified the structural weakness two quarters before it became apparent to others.	Root: Latin perspicax — sharp-sighted; per- + specere (to see through).
225	petulant	PECH-uh-lunt	adjective	Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.	The petulant withdrawal from the negotiation reflected poorly on the delegation's professionalism.	Root: Latin petulans — impudent; petere means 'to rush at or demand.'
226	pithy	PITH-ee	adjective	Concise and forcefully expressive.	The pithy summary at the end of each chapter was the most useful feature of the textbook.	Root: Old English pitha — the soft core of a plant stem; the pith is the substance.
227	placate	PLAY-kayt	verb	To make someone less angry or hostile; to appease.	The administration's attempt to placate the protesters with minor concessions only emboldened them further.	Root: Latin placare — to soothe; related to placid and please.
228	platitude	PLAT-ih-tood	noun	A remark so overused it is no longer interesting or effective.	The keynote address was a string of platitudes that left the audience unchanged in any particular.	Root: French platitude — flatness; plat means 'flat' — a flat, uninspired statement.
229	plethora	PLETH-ur-uh	noun	A large or excessive amount of something.	The field generates a plethora of data, but the interpretive frameworks needed to make sense of it lag behind.	Root: Greek plethora — fullness; plethein means 'to be full.'
230	poignant	POYN-yunt	adjective	Evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret; sharply affecting the emotions.	The final paragraph was the most poignant of the memoir, describing losses that could not be recovered.	Root: Old French poignant — pricking; poindre means 'to prick' — emotionally sharp.
231	pompous	POM-pus	adjective	Affectedly and irritatingly grand, solemn, or self-important.	The pompous tone of the cover letter contradicted the modest accomplishments it described.	Root: Latin pompa — solemn procession; excess of ceremonial self-display.
232	pragmatic	prag-MAT-ik	adjective	Dealing with things sensibly and realistically; practical.	A pragmatic approach to the problem set aside theoretical elegance in favor of workable solutions.	Root: Greek pragma — deed, action; pragmatikos means 'fit for action.'
233	prescient	PREE-shent	adjective	Having knowledge of events before they take place; farsighted.	The prescient warning issued in the 2019 report was largely ignored until the crisis materialized.	Root: Latin praescire — to know before; prae (before) + scire (to know).
234	profligate	PROF-lih-git	adjective	Recklessly extravagant or wasteful; licentious.	The profligate spending of the previous administration left the organization with a crippling deficit.	Root: Latin profligatus — ruined; pro- + fligare (to strike down).
235	proliferate	pruh-LIF-ur-ayt	verb	To increase rapidly in numbers; to spread widely.	Dubious preprint claims proliferate faster than peer review can assess them.	Root: Latin proles (offspring) + ferre (bear) — bearing many offspring.
236	propitiate	pruh-PISH-ee-ayt	verb	To win the favor of someone by doing something that pleases them; to appease.	The concession was offered to propitiate the most vocal opponents of the proposal.	Root: Latin propitiare — to appease; propitius means 'favorable.'
237	provincial	pruh-VIN-shul	adjective	Of or concerning a province; unsophisticated or narrow-minded.	The provincial outlook of the editorial board limited the journal's appeal to an international readership.	Root: Latin provincia — a conquered territory outside Rome; the provinces were culturally peripheral.
238	prudent	PROO-dent	adjective	Acting with care and thought for the future; sensible and judicious.	A prudent investigator does not publish before replication has been independently confirmed.	Root: Latin prudens — foreseeing; pro- + videns (seeing ahead) — contracted form.
239	querulous	KWER-uh-lus	adjective	Complaining in a petulant or whining manner.	The querulous objections raised at every stage of the review process delayed the project by months.	Root: Latin querulus — full of complaints; queri means 'to complain.'
240	quixotic	kwik-SOT-ik	adjective	Exceedingly idealistic; unrealistic and impractical.	The quixotic proposal to reform the entire regulatory structure in a single legislative session was abandoned.	Root: Don Quixote — Cervantes's idealistic knight who tilted at windmills.
241	rapacious	ruh-PAY-shus	adjective	Aggressively greedy or grasping; excessively predatory.	The rapacious acquisition strategy depleted the firm's reserves and antagonized its partners.	Root: Latin rapax — grasping; rapere means 'to seize.'
242	recalcitrant	rih-KAL-sih-trant	adjective	Having an obstinately uncooperative attitude; stubbornly resistant.	The recalcitrant witness refused to answer questions despite a formal court order.	Root: Latin recalcitrare — to kick back; re- + calx (heel) — kicking back with the heel.
243	reclusive	rih-KLOO-siv	adjective	Avoiding the company of other people; solitary.	The reclusive scholar published only infrequently but each work was considered a landmark.	Root: Latin recludere — to shut away; re- + claudere (to close).
244	redoubtable	rih-DOWT-uh-bul	adjective	Formidable, especially as an opponent; inspiring awe.	She was a redoubtable adversary in any debate, known for anticipating and preempting every objection.	Root: Old French redoutable — to be dreaded; douter means 'to fear.'
245	refractory	rih-FRAK-tuh-ree	adjective	Stubborn or unmanageable; resistant to treatment.	The refractory nature of the pathogen made standard treatment protocols ineffective.	Root: Latin refractarius — stubborn; refringere means 'to break back against.'
246	reticent	RET-ih-sent	adjective	Not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily; reserved.	The reticent witness provided only minimal responses, offering nothing beyond what was directly asked.	Root: Latin reticere — to be silent; re- + tacere (to be quiet).
247	rhetoric	RET-ur-ik	noun	The art of effective or persuasive speaking; language used to have a persuasive effect.	The speech was notable more for its rhetoric than for the specificity of its proposals.	Root: Greek rhetor — orator; rhetorike means 'the art of the speaker.'
248	saccharine	SAK-uh-rin	adjective	Excessively sweet or sentimental; obtrusively sweet.	The saccharine portrayal of institutional culture in the documentary provoked skepticism among insiders.	Root: Medieval Latin saccharum — sugar; Greek sakkharon means 'sugar.'
249	sanctimonious	sank-tih-MOH-nee-us	adjective	Making a show of being morally superior to other people.	The sanctimonious editorial condemned practices that the publication's own advertisers routinely engaged in.	Root: Latin sanctimonia — holiness; sanctus means 'holy' — a false or performative holiness.
250	sardonic	sar-DON-ik	adjective	Grimly mocking or cynical.	The sardonic commentary that ran throughout the text was the book's most memorable feature.	Root: Greek sardonios — bitter; possibly from a Sardinian plant that caused facial contortions when eaten.
251	scrupulous	SKROO-pyuh-lus	adjective	Careful and thorough; very concerned to do what is right.	Scrupulous adherence to data integrity protocols was the hallmark of her entire research career.	Root: Latin scrupulus — a small sharp stone (that troubled the conscience).

4. Rhetoric & Argumentation

Words 301–400 · Words used in GRE passages about argument, logic, and persuasion.

#	Word	Phonetic	POS	Definition	GRE Example	Memory Tip / Root
301	serendipitous	ser-en-DIP-ih-tus	adjective	Occurring or discovered by chance in a happy or beneficial way.	The serendipitous observation that the cultures had been cross-contaminated led to the discovery of penicillin.	Root: Serendip — old name for Sri Lanka; from a Persian fairy tale about lucky accidental discoverers.
302	solemn	SOL-em	adjective	Formal and dignified; characterized by deep sincerity.	The solemn tone of the retraction notice acknowledged the severity of the error without melodrama.	Root: Latin sollemnis — annually observed; solemn rituals were fixed, formal, invariable.
303	solicitous	suh-LIS-ih-tus	adjective	Characterized by or showing interest or concern; anxious or eager.	The editor was solicitous of the author's well-being but uncompromising about the manuscript's shortcomings.	Root: Latin sollicitus — agitated; sollus (whole) + citus (stirred) — wholly stirred up with concern.
304	sophistry	SOF-is-tree	noun	The use of clever but misleading arguments; clever but unsound reasoning.	The witness's response was a masterpiece of sophistry, technically true but fundamentally misleading.	Root: Greek sophistes — one who teaches wisdom for pay; sophistry is wisdom-seeming but not genuine.
305	specious	SPEE-shus	adjective	Superficially plausible but actually wrong; misleadingly attractive.	The specious simplicity of the model concealed assumptions that did not hold in practice.	Root: Latin speciosus — fair-looking; species means 'appearance' — seeming correct but not.
306	steadfast	STED-fast	adjective	Resolutely firm and unwavering.	The committee remained steadfast in its insistence on full transparency, despite pressure to compromise.	Root: Old English stedefaest — fixed in place; stead (place) + fast (firm).
307	stolid	STOL-id	adjective	Calm, dependable, and showing little emotion or animation.	The stolid reaction of the market to the announcement surprised economists who had predicted volatility.	Root: Latin stolidus — dull, impassive; not to be confused with Stoic, though related in disposition.
308	strident	STRYdent	adjective	Loud and harsh; presenting a point of view in an excessively forceful way.	The strident tone of the advocacy group's letter undermined its case with the very officials it sought to persuade.	Root: Latin stridere — to creak, hiss; sharp grating noise or voice.
309	subversive	sub-VUR-siv	adjective	Seeking or intended to undermine the power and authority of an established system.	The subversive implication of the study was that the prevailing theoretical model required fundamental revision.	Root: Latin subvertere — to overturn from below; sub- + vertere (to turn).
310	succinct	suk-SINKT	adjective	Briefly and clearly expressed.	The most succinct statement of the problem appears in a footnote that most readers overlook.	Root: Latin succinctus — girt below; sub- + cingere (to gird) — tightly bound.
311	surreptitious	sur-up-TISH-us	adjective	Kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.	The surreptitious gathering of competitor intelligence violated the terms of the non-disclosure agreement.	Root: Latin surripere — to snatch secretly; sub- + rapere (to seize).
312	sycophantic	sik-uh-FAN-tik	adjective	Behaving in an obsequious way to gain favor; fawning.	The sycophantic reviews written by the editor's own students were widely recognized as lacking credibility.	Root: Greek sykophantes — informer; literally 'one who shows the fig' — an obscene insulting gesture.
313	tacit	TAS-it	adjective	Understood or implied without being stated.	There was a tacit agreement among the authors not to discuss the methodological limitations in the abstract.	Root: Latin tacitus — silent; tacere means 'to be silent' — a silent agreement.
314	tangential	tan-JEN-shul	adjective	Diverging from a previous course or line; only slightly connected.	The third chapter made a tangential observation that the author never integrated into the central argument.	Root: Latin tangens — touching; tangere means 'to touch' — only barely touching the main subject.
315	temerity	tuh-MER-ih-tee	noun	Excessive confidence or boldness; audacity.	Few had the temerity to challenge the chair's interpretation in open forum.	Root: Latin temeritas — rashness; temere means 'rashly' — boldness without due caution.
316	tenacious	tuh-NAY-shus	adjective	Tending to keep a firm hold; persistent and determined.	The tenacious pursuit of the hypothesis, despite repeated negative results, ultimately paid off.	Root: Latin tenax — holding fast; tenere means 'to hold.'
317	tentative	TEN-tuh-tiv	adjective	Not certain or fixed; done without confidence; hesitant.	The tentative conclusions of the preliminary report required confirmation before any action was warranted.	Root: Latin tentare — to try; tentative means done in the spirit of testing, not certainty.
318	terse	TURS	adjective	Sparing in the use of words; abrupt.	The terse reply to the proposal — 'insufficient' — offered no guidance on how to revise it.	Root: Latin tersus — wiped clean; tergere means 'to wipe' — clear and uncluttered by excess words.
319	timorous	TIM-ur-us	adjective	Showing or suffering from nervousness or a lack of confidence.	The timorous response of the institution to the scandal was widely criticized as inadequate.	Root: Latin timor — fear; timere means 'to fear.'
320	torpor	TOR-pur	noun	A state of physical or mental inactivity; lethargy.	The organization had fallen into a torpor from which only a dramatic external shock could rouse it.	Root: Latin torpor — numbness; torpere means 'to be numb.'
321	tractable	TRAK-tuh-bul	adjective	Easy to control or deal with; easy to manage.	More tractable versions of the optimization problem have analytic solutions; the full problem does not.	Root: Latin tractare — to handle; trahere means 'to drag' — manageable under handling.
322	treacherous	TRECH-ur-us	adjective	Guilty of or involving betrayal or deception; hazardous because of unpredictable changes.	The seemingly clear data concealed treacherous methodological pitfalls that caught several reviewers off guard.	Root: Old French trechier — to cheat; treachery is embedded betrayal.
323	truculent	TRUK-yuh-lent	adjective	Eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.	The truculent response of the lead author to peer reviewer comments delayed publication by two years.	Root: Latin truculentus — fierce; trux means 'savage.'
324	turbulent	TUR-byuh-lent	adjective	Moving unsteadily or with violent disorder; characterized by conflict or confusion.	The turbulent history of the field's foundational debates is carefully reconstructed in the opening chapter.	Root: Latin turbulentus — full of commotion; turba means 'a crowd' or 'disturbance.'
325	ubiquitous	yoo-BIK-wih-tus	adjective	Present, appearing, or found everywhere.	The ubiquitous use of the term 'significant' without statistical qualification has become a chronic problem in the literature.	Root: Latin ubique — everywhere; ubi means 'where' + -que (and, an intensifier).
326	unctuous	UNK-choo-us	adjective	Excessively flattering or ingratiating in manner; oily.	The unctuous praise in the introduction seemed calibrated to secure favorable treatment rather than convey genuine admiration.	Root: Latin unctuosus — greasy; ungere means 'to anoint' — smoothly oily in manner.
327	unscrupulous	un-SKROO-pyuh-lus	adjective	Having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair.	The unscrupulous data broker had sold personal information without consent for years before investigation.	Root: un- + scrupulous; a scruple is a tiny weight — without even the smallest moral weight.
328	vacuous	VAK-yoo-us	adjective	Having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; empty.	The vacuous statement offered in response to the crisis neither acknowledged the problem nor proposed a solution.	Root: Latin vacuus — empty; vacate and vacuum share this root.
329	verbose	vur-BOHS	adjective	Using or expressed in more words than are needed.	The verbose draft was cut by forty percent during editing without any loss of substantive content.	Root: Latin verbosus — full of words; verbum means 'word.'
330	vilify	VIL-ih-fy	verb	To speak or write about in an abusively disparaging manner.	The partisan press vilified the researcher for findings that contradicted the prevailing policy consensus.	Root: Latin vilificare — to make cheap; vilis means 'cheap, base.'
331	virulent	VIR-yuh-lent	adjective	Bitterly hostile; (of a disease) extremely severe and harmful.	The virulent opposition to the proposal came from those with the most to lose from the proposed reforms.	Root: Latin virulentus — full of poison; virus means 'poison.'
332	vitriolic	vit-ree-OL-ik	adjective	Filled with bitter criticism or malice.	The vitriolic response to the retraction did more damage to the critic's reputation than to the author's.	Root: Latin vitriolum — sulfate; vitriol is a corrosive acid — vitriolic language burns.
333	vociferous	voh-SIF-ur-us	adjective	Expressing or characterized by vehement opinions; loud and forceful.	Vociferous objections from the affected communities forced a reconsideration of the site selection.	Root: Latin vociferari — to shout; vox (voice) + ferre (to carry) — carrying the voice loudly.
334	volatile	VOL-uh-tul	adjective	Liable to change rapidly and unpredictably; explosive.	The volatile political environment made long-term planning effectively impossible for the organization.	Root: Latin volatilis — flying; volare means 'to fly' — quickly taking flight in any direction.
335	wanton	WON-tun	adjective	Deliberate and unprovoked; sexually unrestrained; (of a plant) growing profusely.	The report described the wanton destruction of records as the most egregious obstruction encountered.	Root: Old English wan- (without) + togen (disciplined) — without proper upbringing or restraint.
336	whimsical	HWIM-zih-kul	adjective	Playfully quaint or fanciful; subject to whims.	The whimsical framing of the introduction belied the rigorous empirical work that followed.	Root: whim — 17th c. English; a whim-wham was a fanciful trifle.
337	zealous	ZEL-us	adjective	Having or showing great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause.	Zealous application of the precautionary principle can itself become a barrier to beneficial innovation.	Root: Greek zelos — fervor; jealousy and zeal share this root.
338	abate	uh-BAYT	verb	To become less intense or widespread; to reduce or remove.	Interest in the theory abated as subsequent studies failed to replicate the original finding.	Root: Old French abatre — to beat down; ab- + battre (to beat).
339	aberrant	uh-BAIR-ent	adjective	Departing from an accepted standard; deviant.	A single aberrant data point should not overturn a hypothesis supported by substantial prior evidence.	Root: Latin aberrare — to wander away; ab- + errare (to stray).
340	abhor	ab-HOR	verb	To regard with disgust and hatred.	The editor abhorred imprecise language and enforced standards that many contributors found exacting.	Root: Latin abhorrere — to shrink from; ab- + horrere (to bristle, shudder).
341	abjure	ab-JOOR	verb	To solemnly renounce a belief, cause, or claim.	Under pressure, the researcher abjured the interpretation she had defended for a decade.	Root: Latin abjurare — to deny on oath; ab- + jurare (to swear).
342	abrogate	AB-ruh-gayt	verb	To repeal or do away with a law, right, or formal agreement.	The new administration moved to abrogate several regulations enacted in the preceding decade.	Root: Latin abrogare — to repeal; ab- + rogare (to propose a law).
343	abscond	ab-SKOND	verb	To leave hurriedly and secretly to avoid detection or arrest.	The treasurer absconded with funds shortly before the scheduled audit.	Root: Latin abscondere — to hide away; ab- + condere (to store).
344	abstemious	ab-STEE-mee-us	adjective	Not indulging in something, especially food and alcohol, to excess.	His abstemious habits at social functions were noted by colleagues who assumed he disapproved of their excess.	Root: Latin abstemius — ab- (from) + temetum (strong drink) — abstaining from liquor.
345	accede	ak-SEED	verb	To agree to a demand, request, or treaty; to assume an office.	The committee ultimately acceded to the petition rather than risk a protracted legal challenge.	Root: Latin accedere — to approach; ac- + cedere (to yield, go).
346	acrimony	AK-rih-moh-nee	noun	Bitterness or ill feeling, especially in speech or manner.	The dispute over authorship was resolved but left a residue of acrimony that persisted for years.	Root: Latin acrimonia — sharpness; acer means 'sharp.'

5. Social & Political

Words 401–500 · Words from GRE passages on politics, society, institutions, and power.

#	Word	Phonetic	POS	Definition	GRE Example	Memory Tip / Root
401	adversarial	ad-vur-SAIR-ee-ul	adjective	Involving or characterized by opposition or conflict.	The adversarial dynamic between the agencies prevented effective coordination during the crisis.	Root: Latin adversarius — opponent; adversus means 'turned against.'
402	affidavit	af-ih-DAY-vit	noun	A written statement confirmed by oath for use as evidence.	The affidavit filed by three senior scientists corroborated the whistleblower's account.	Root: Medieval Latin affidavit — 'he has pledged his faith'; affidarsi means 'to trust.'
403	agnostic	ag-NOS-tik	adjective/noun	Believing that a question cannot be answered with certainty; uncommitted on a given issue.	The study was explicitly agnostic on the question of causation, reporting only correlational findings.	Root: Greek agnostos — unknown; a- (not) + gnostos (known).
404	allay	uh-LAY	verb	To diminish or put at rest a fear, suspicion, or worry.	The additional transparency measures were designed to allay investor concerns about governance.	Root: Old English alecgan — to put down; related to 'lay' — to lay a concern to rest.
405	allegiance	uh-LEE-juns	noun	Loyalty or commitment to a person, group, or cause.	The researcher's primary allegiance was to the integrity of the data, not to any particular theoretical school.	Root: Old French liege — lord; allegiance is what a vassal owes a lord.
406	ambiguity	am-bih-GYOO-ih-tee	noun	The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.	The legal ambiguity of the provision invited the multiple conflicting interpretations that followed.	Root: Latin ambiguus — moving in two directions; ambi (both ways) + agere (to drive).
407	amoral	ay-MOR-ul	adjective	Lacking a moral sense; not concerned with the rightness or wrongness of actions.	The algorithm was amoral by design; the ethical burden rested entirely with those who deployed it.	Root: a- (without) + moral; distinct from immoral (wrongly moral) — simply outside the moral domain.
408	anarchy	AN-ar-kee	noun	A state of disorder due to the absence or non-recognition of authority.	Without clearly defined leadership, the committee devolved into anarchy.	Root: Greek anarkhia — without a ruler; an- (without) + arkhos (leader).
409	animus	AN-ih-mus	noun	Hostility or ill feeling; motivation to do something.	The animus between the two research teams was rooted in a priority dispute from two decades earlier.	Root: Latin animus — spirit, mind; the animating principle turned hostile.
410	aphorism	AF-uh-riz-um	noun	A pithy observation that contains a general truth.	The chapter opens with an aphorism that encapsulates the argument with deceptive simplicity.	Root: Greek aphorismos — definition; apo (away) + horizein (to bound, limit).
411	apostate	uh-POS-tayt	noun	A person who renounces a formerly held belief or allegiance.	Former disciples who publicly criticized the school's methods were dismissed as apostates.	Root: Greek apostasia — defection; apo (away) + stasis (standing) — one who stands away.
412	approbation	ap-ruh-BAY-shun	noun	Approval or praise, especially official approval.	The proposal received approbation from the committee and was forwarded for full board review.	Root: Latin approbatio — proof; ad- + probare (to prove good).
413	archetype	AR-kih-typ	noun	An original model from which others are copied; a typical example.	The study presented the subject as an archetype of the self-made entrepreneur, which critics found reductive.	Root: Greek arkhetypon — original pattern; arkhe (first) + typos (model).
414	ardor	AR-dur	noun	Enthusiasm or passion.	The ardor with which she pursued every question in the seminar impressed her advisors.	Root: Latin ardor — flame; ardere means 'to burn.'
415	argot	AR-goh	noun	The jargon or slang of a particular group or class.	The paper was written in the dense argot of the subfield, inaccessible to non-specialists.	Root: French argot — underworld slang; originally thieves' cant.
416	ascendancy	uh-SEN-dun-see	noun	Occupation of a position of dominant power or influence.	The department's ascendancy in the field lasted two decades before newer methodologies displaced it.	Root: Latin ascendere — to climb; ascendancy is climbing to dominance.
417	asperity	as-PER-ih-tee	noun	Harshness of tone or manner; sharpness; roughness of surface.	The asperity with which the chair responded to the question silenced any further dissent.	Root: Latin asperitas — roughness; asper means 'rough.'
418	assuage	uh-SWAYJ	verb	To make an unpleasant feeling less intense; to satisfy an appetite.	Publishing the full dataset was intended to assuage skepticism about the study's reproducibility.	Root: Old French assouagier — to soften; ad- + suavis (sweet) — to sweeten a harsh situation.
419	atavism	AT-uh-viz-um	noun	The reappearance of a characteristic from an earlier generation; reversion to an earlier type.	The resurgence of protectionist policy was characterized by analysts as a form of economic atavism.	Root: Latin atavus — great-great-great-grandfather; return to the ways of ancestors.
420	attrition	uh-TRISH-un	noun	Gradual reduction in strength or numbers through sustained pressure or loss.	Staff attrition in the department reached critical levels before the administration acknowledged the retention problem.	Root: Latin attritio — rubbing away; atterere means 'to rub away.'
421	austerity	aw-STER-ih-tee	noun	Sternness or severity; difficult economic conditions with limited government expenditure.	A decade of austerity had hollowed out the public institutions the emergency now required.	Root: Greek austeros — harsh; austerity is dried-up, harsh, unsweetened.
422	averment	uh-VUR-ment	noun	A formal assertion or declaration; an allegation in a pleading.	The averment that the defendant had acted in good faith was directly contradicted by the correspondence.	Root: Latin averare — to assert as true; related to verify and verity.
423	avidity	uh-VID-ih-tee	noun	Enthusiasm or keenness; in chemistry, the strength of binding between antibody and antigen.	The student approached every reading assignment with an avidity that distinguished her from her peers.	Root: Latin aviditas — eagerness; avere means 'to crave.'
424	ballast	BAL-ust	noun/verb	Heavy material used to stabilize; anything that gives stability or substance.	Rigorous empirical evidence serves as the ballast that keeps theoretical speculation from drifting into fantasy.	Root: Old Norse barlast — bare load; bare weight used for stability.
425	banality	buh-NAL-ih-tee	noun	The state of being banal; something that is trite or commonplace.	The banality of the findings disappointed a field that had expected a more surprising result.	Root: Old French banal — common; the banal is what is ordinary to the point of meaninglessness.
426	banter	BAN-tur	noun/verb	The playful and friendly exchange of teasing remarks.	The banter between presenters at the symposium opened the session on a lighter note.	Root: 17th c. English slang; origin uncertain; pleasant verbal sparring.
427	beatify	bee-AT-ih-fy	verb	To make supremely happy; in Catholic usage, to declare blessed.	The hagiographic biography beatified the subject to a degree that undermined its credibility as scholarship.	Root: Latin beatificare — to make happy; beatus means 'blessed.'
428	bedlam	BED-lum	noun	A scene of uproar and confusion.	The announcement that the dataset had been corrupted created bedlam at the research station.	Root: Bethlehem — Bethlem Royal Hospital in London, a famous asylum; bedlam = chaos.
429	begrudge	bih-GRUJ	verb	To envy someone the possession of something; to give reluctantly.	Even critics who begrudged the award acknowledged that the work had genuine scholarly merit.	Root: be- + grudge; to hold a grudge about something someone else has.
430	belie	bih-LY	verb	To give a false impression of; to contradict.	The simplicity of the final model belied the extraordinary complexity of the derivation that produced it.	Root: Old English beleogan — to deceive with lies; be- + lie.
431	bellicose	BEL-ih-kohs	adjective	Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.	The bellicose posturing of both parties in the dispute prevented early settlement.	Root: Latin bellicosus — warlike; bellum means 'war.'
432	beneficence	buh-NEF-ih-sens	noun	The quality of being kind and doing good; charitable action.	The foundation was established as an act of beneficence but operated in ways that served private interests.	Root: Latin beneficentia — kindness; bene (well) + facere (to do).
433	bigotry	BIG-uh-tree	noun	Intolerance toward those who hold different opinions from oneself.	The study documented how implicit bigotry shaped hiring decisions even among self-described egalitarians.	Root: French bigot — religious hypocrite; sanctimonious intolerance.
434	blandishment	BLAND-ish-ment	noun	Flattery; coaxing or flattering words used to persuade.	Despite considerable blandishments from industry, the regulator maintained her independence.	Root: French blandir — to soothe; blandus means 'smooth, flattering.'
435	blasphemy	BLAS-fuh-mee	noun	The act of insulting or showing contempt for religious or sacred things.	What was once condemned as intellectual blasphemy had become, within a generation, the new orthodoxy.	Root: Greek blasphemia — defamation; blaptein (harm) + pheme (reputation, speech).
436	bluster	BLUS-tur	noun/verb	Loud, aggressive, or indignant talk with little effect; to talk in a loud, aggressive way.	Behind the bluster of the committee's rhetoric was a fundamental reluctance to take any substantive action.	Root: Middle Low German blustern — to blow gustily; all wind and no substance.
437	boon	BOON	noun	A thing that is helpful or beneficial; a blessing.	The new computational tools proved a boon to researchers who had previously been bottlenecked by data processing.	Root: Old Norse bon — prayer, request; later influenced by Latin bonus (good).
438	bravado	bruh-VAH-doh	noun	A bold manner or a show of boldness intended to impress or intimidate.	The bravado of the opening statement was not matched by the quality of the evidence presented.	Root: Spanish bravada — boast; bravado is courage performed rather than felt.
439	bromide	BROH-myd	noun	A trite, unoriginal remark; a sedative drug.	The policy document was stuffed with bromides about 'evidence-based governance' without specifying any mechanisms.	Root: bromine — a sedating compound; a verbal bromide sedates the mind with dull familiarity.
440	burnish	BUR-nish	verb	To polish by rubbing; to enhance or improve the quality of.	The speaker used the occasion to burnish her reputation as a reformer by announcing the new initiative.	Root: Old French burnir — to make brown and bright; to rub to a shine.
441	callous	KAL-us	adjective	Showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others.	The callous disregard for the research subjects' welfare was the most serious charge in the ethics complaint.	Root: Latin callosus — thick-skinned; callus is hardened skin — emotionally hardened.
442	calumny	KAL-um-nee	noun	The making of false and defamatory statements; slander.	The smear campaign amounted to calumny that no subsequent correction could fully undo.	Root: Latin calumnia — false accusation; calvi means 'to deceive.'
443	carping	KAR-ping	adjective/verb	Difficult to please; complaining in a petty way.	The carping criticism in the review distracted from the genuinely substantive points it raised.	Root: Old Norse karpa — to brag; later meant to dispute or carp at.
444	cessation	se-SAY-shun	noun	The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.	The cessation of hostilities was announced but not yet reflected in the field reports.	Root: Latin cessatio — a ceasing; cedere means 'to cease, yield.'
445	chagrin	shuh-GRIN	noun/verb	Distress or embarrassment at having failed or been humiliated.	To the committee's considerable chagrin, the error had already been widely circulated in the press.	Root: French chagrin — grief; possibly from Turkish sagri — rough leather, used to chafe.
446	chicanery	shih-KAY-nur-ee	noun	The use of trickery to achieve a purpose.	The defense alleged chicanery in the presentation of the expert testimony.	Root: French chicaner — to quibble; legal trickery through petty objections.
447	churlish	CHUR-lish	adjective	Rude in a mean-spirited and surly way.	It would be churlish to deny the merit of the work simply because of personal disagreements with the author.	Root: Old English ceorl — a common man; churl was a peasant, later connoting crude manners.

GRE vocabulary study strategies

Prioritize Latin and Greek roots

Over 60% of GRE vocabulary derives from Latin or Greek roots. Learning that 'mal-' means bad, 'bene-' means good, '-loquy' means speech, and '-ology' means study allows you to decode unfamiliar words on test day.

Master near-synonyms for Sentence Equivalence

GRE Sentence Equivalence requires selecting two words that produce the same meaning in context. Know the difference between 'verbose' and 'garrulous,' 'mendacious' and 'specious,' 'terse' and 'laconic.'

Read GRE-level prose actively

The New York Review of Books, The Atlantic, Nature editorials, and academic journal introductions use GRE-register vocabulary naturally. Encountering a word in context is worth ten flashcard reviews.

Use spaced repetition for retention

Apps like Anki or Magoosh's flashcard system exploit the spaced repetition effect: reviewing words at increasing intervals produces durable long-term memory more efficiently than massed practice.

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